Barn Terms
A
Agricultural Structure
– A purpose-built building designed specifically to serve the needs of farming operations. These structures are intended to house farm equipment, store hay and grain, provide shelter for poultry or livestock, and support various agricultural activities.
Aisle
– A designated lengthwise area within a building, typically observed in Dutch-American barns, running parallel to the roof peak. This area is situated between the animal stalls and often comprises three separate spaces.
Anti-Jump Disc
– An innovative safety feature installed at the top of a barn door. These specially-designed guards, made of durable materials, prevent the doors from dislodging or jumping off the rail system.
Attic
– The expansive space found within the upper reaches of a barn’s roof, serving as a versatile area that can be repurposed for various needs. With its generous dimensions and potential for customization, the attic could be easily used as a comfortable loft or a fully functional apartment. Whether used for storage, creative endeavors, or additional living space, the attic provides a flexible and adaptable area within a barn’s interior. An attic-style truss can be used to create usable attic space rather than just open framing under the roof.
Awning
– An architectural projection, supported by the building to which it is attached, that serves the dual purpose of providing weather protection and enhancing the aesthetic appeal. The awning consists of a lightweight and rigid skeleton structure, serving as a framework, which is covered with a protective layer. Awning installations commonly include placement over doorways to offer enhanced weather shielding or adornment on the lower portion of a roof gable, adding decorative charm to the overall structure.
B
Backfill
– The essential process of filling pre-bored holes around structural building columns with concrete or other appropriate materials. This backfilling technique serves multiple purposes, including providing additional support and stability to the columns, relieving pressures on the surrounding soil, and enhancing the overall structural integrity of the building.
Balcony
– An elevated area located above the loft, accessible via stairs and offering an elevated vantage point and additional living space.
Baluster
– A stylish and functional vertical post that provides support and adornment to the upper railings of staircases or balconies in barns. Balusters can enhance the aesthetic appeal of a barn, adding a touch of elegance and architectural detail to the interior or exterior spaces.
Bank Barn
– A thoughtfully-designed barn structure seamlessly integrated into a sloping hillside, allowing for convenient ground access at multiple levels.
Barndominium (or Barndo)
– A combination of the words of “barn” and “condominium,” it refers to a type of living space or residential structure that incorporates elements of a barn into its design. A barndominium typically features an open floor plan, high ceilings, and rustic architectural elements reminiscent of a traditional barn. It combines the functionality and spaciousness of a barn with the comfort and amenities of a modern home. They often have large windows, exposed beams, and a mix of natural materials, such as wood and metal, and they offer a unique living experience that blends rural charm with contemporary living.
Barn Home
– A barn home is a residential dwelling that is constructed or converted from a traditional barn structure. It retains the distinctive architectural features of a barn while providing comfortable and functional living spaces. Barn homes often feature an open and spacious interior, exposed beams, high ceilings, and large windows that allow ample natural light. They can be designed in various styles, from rustic and traditional to modern and contemporary, depending on the desired aesthetic. Barn homes offer a unique blend of rustic charm and modern living, creating a cozy and inviting atmosphere.
Barnwood Knotty Alder
– A distinctive finish that replicates the weathered appearance of aged barn doors. It features a high-definition texture with enhanced distressed marks, meticulously crafted to capture the authentic look of Knotty Alder wood. This textured finish showcases heavily textured knots, occasional natural holes, and carefully applied distress and machine marks, adding rustic charm and character to any setting.
Barnyard
– The fenced-in courtyard area outside the stalls of a barn.
Bay
– A bay is a division or section within a post-frame building marked off by the main support posts along the length of the structure. Having multiple bays allows for versatility in the building layout and use of the space. Post-frame buildings like barns, warehouses, and airplane hangars typically have multiple bays that segment the interior space.
Bearing Block
– A compact and sturdy structural support, typically made of dimensional lumber, strategically positioned beneath roof trusses, rafters, beams, girders, or trusses. It is securely attached to a support column, post, or other load-bearing element, serving as a means to provide additional reinforcement and effectively transfer vertical loads between structural members.
Bearing Wall
– A wall specifically designed and constructed to support the weight of other building elements, such as floors or roofs. Typically oriented perpendicular to the joists positioned above, the primary function of a bearing wall is to transfer the imposed loads and distribute them safely to the foundation of the structure. The bearing wall’s robust construction and strategic placement play a crucial role in maintaining the overall stability and structural integrity of the building, effectively transferring vertical loads downward and preventing excessive deflection or failure.
Bent
– In the context of barn construction, a bent refers to a substantial section of the superstructure composed of vertical posts, horizontal beams, and sometimes diagonal braces. These timber framing units are erected from a horizontal position to their final vertical resting place. Bents can be longitudinally oriented, as seen in English barns and Dutch-American barns for side walls, or transversely oriented, such as H-frames in Dutch-American barns. They are spaced at regular intervals of 10 or 12 feet, forming integral components that, when connected to similar sections, complete the overall frame of the barn.
Board and Batten Siding
– A type of vertical siding utilized in barn construction, consisting of full dimension rough cut boards measuring 1″x10″, which are installed vertically. To cover the splices between the boards, strips of wood measuring 2″-3″ in width, known as battens, are affixed. It is worth noting that in certain applications or as a low-maintenance alternative, composite or vinyl materials may be used to construct board and batten siding, while still providing the traditional aesthetic appeal.
Bottom Girt (also known as Bottom Plate or Splash Board)
– The lowermost girt or beam, typically made of pressure-treated lumber, positioned at the grade line of a building. It serves as the foundation to which the bottom of the building’s siding is typically attached. The bottom girt, alternatively referred to as a regular girt, grade girt, or splash plank, provides structural support and acts as a barrier between the siding and the ground.
Box Stall
– An enclosed area with walls that provide ample space for an animal to move freely without being tethered or restrained. It offers an unrestricted environment where the animal can roam within the confines of the enclosure
Brace
– A structural component, often made of timber, that can be either temporary or permanent in nature. Its primary purpose is to reinforce and strengthen another member, providing additional support or holding it securely in place. Braces are commonly used diagonally between a post and a beam, primarily functioning in compression and to a lesser extent in tension.
Bridging
– The implementation of structural blocking, such as wooden blocks or metal X braces, to enhance stability and provide additional support to floor joists or roof purlins. It is particularly utilized in situations where wide spans are present, offering increased rigidity and reinforcing the weak axis of the structural members. Bridging plays a vital role in barn construction, ensuring the stability and integrity of the overall structure.
Building Bay
– The area between adjacent post-frames.
Building Code (also known as International Building Code or IBC)
– A comprehensive set of regulations put forth by the International Code Council (ICC) that outlines specific requirements for the design, construction, and safety of structures. These codes encompass guidelines for design loads, construction procedures, and detailed construction specifications. It is essential to adhere to building codes to ensure the safety and structural integrity of buildings, even if obtaining construction permits may not be mandatory. Prioritizing compliance with building codes is crucial to uphold safety standards in barn construction. In the year 20000, IBC superseded the Uniform Building Code.
Building Height
– Vertical distance from the top of the bottom plate (where the concrete is poured) to the bottom of the trusses.
Building Length
– Horizontal distance between the outside face of the girts in one endwall and the outside face of the girts in the opposite endwall.
Building Width
– Horizontal distance between the outside face of the girts in one sidewall and the outside face of the girts in the opposite sidewall.
Bypass
– A specialized installation method employing dual sliding door tracks, as opposed to a single-track arrangement. This configuration incorporates an additional door track that extends in front of the primary track. As a result, the doors are capable of smoothly sliding both in front and behind each other, allowing for convenient access and maximizing space utilization.
C
Canopy
– An architectural projection affixed to a building structure, serving the dual purposes of providing protection against inclement weather conditions and enhancing aesthetic appeal. Comprised of a sturdy framework, the canopy supports the attachment of a ceiling component. This arrangement creates an overhead shelter that shields individuals or objects beneath it from precipitation or excessive sunlight, while also contributing to the overall visual design of the building.
Cantilever
– A structural element, such as a beam, column, step, balcony, canopy, or forebay, that is supported solely at one end and extends horizontally from a building without external bracing, creating the impression of self-support. Cantilevered components are typically supported by beams that extend from the supported feature back beneath the building’s superstructure, providing the necessary support and stability.
Chord (also known as a Bottom Chord or a Top Chord)
– The integral components of a roof truss, consisting of inclined or horizontal members that establish either the top or bottom of the truss structure. Chords play a crucial role in providing structural stability and support to the roof truss system.
Cladding (also known as a Building Skin)
– Describes the protective and decorative covering that encompasses the exterior of a building. It serves as the outer layer, shielding the structure from the elements while also contributing to its aesthetic appeal.
Clear Span
– The uninterrupted and horizontal distance between adjacent supports or the facing surfaces of supports for a horizontal or inclined member. It represents the unobstructed space from the face of one support to the face of the opposite support, providing a measurement of the open span without any intermediate obstructions.
Collar
– A versatile horizontal member used in various aspects of construction. In roof construction, it connects and stabilizes pairs of rafters, functioning in either compression to prevent sagging or tension to prevent spreading. Additionally, in foundation construction, a collar is a component attached below ground level to an embedded post or pier, moving with it to resist lateral and vertical loads. Moreover, in the context of a roof truss, a collar serves as a horizontal member connecting and providing rigidity to opposing principal rafters, thereby ensuring stability. While incorrectly referred to as a collar tie, it actually refers to a horizontal beam that unites two rafters within a rafter pair. Ultimately, a collar can also describe a horizontal board that connects opposite rafters to enhance the stiffness and structural integrity of the roof frame.
Column
– A fundamental and upright structural member that plays a crucial role in supporting a building’s weight by transmitting the load, primarily through compression, to other underlying structural elements. In the context of barn construction, columns are commonly referred to as posts or poles, typically made of wood. In pole barns, the posts can be either pressure treated or laminated, while in timber-frame barns, rough-cut untreated lumber is often utilized for the posts. These columns form the essential backbone of the building’s side and endwalls, providing stability and structural integrity.
Comfort Stall
– A specialized stall configuration designed to accommodate cows. In a comfort stall, the cow is restrained by a collar that is securely attached to posts within the stall. Unlike traditional stanchions, comfort stalls allow for greater freedom of movement for the cow’s head. This design consideration enhances the cow’s comfort and well-being, promoting natural behavior and minimizing any potential discomfort or constraint.
Common Rafters
– Light and inclined beams within the plane of a roof that are uniform in size and pitch. These rafters join in pairs and serve as a crucial structural element by providing support for the roof sheathing. Common rafters are typically supported by purlins and play a significant role in supporting the roof cover, contributing to the overall strength and stability of the roof structure.
Compression-edge Bracing
– A type of bracing designed to offer lateral support to the compressive edge of a beam, column, or stacked rafter. In the case of stacked rafters near interior supports, a compression edge brace is utilized. It consists of a diagonal member that connects the bottom edge of the rafter to nearby purlins, providing additional reinforcement and stability. When applied to support the compressive edge of an I-shaped section, this type of bracing is commonly referred to as a flange brace.
Cross Rail
– An essential component that contributes to the various classic barn door designs. Cross rail braces are crafted from pieces of wood, typically measuring 1 inch in thickness and either 8 inches or 4 inches in width. By strategically incorporating these cross rails, the door gains structural stability and aesthetic appeal, enhancing its overall design and functionality.
Cupola
– A tower-like structure, typically small in size, situated on the roof of a building. Its primary functions are to enhance ventilation and admit additional natural light into the interior space. Cupolas are often designed in a dome-like shape and serve as decorative elements atop buildings. They come in various styles, including square, octagon, hexagon, and more, adding aesthetic appeal while serving practical purposes.
D
Design Loads
– The specific loads defined by building codes that are considered in the design of a building. These loads encompass various factors, including snow, wind, seismic forces, and dead loads. They are carefully calculated and accounted for to ensure the structural integrity and safety of the building. Design loads primarily focus on the dead load, which represents the permanent weight of the structure itself, and the live load, which refers to the variable loads imposed on the roof or floor system. By considering these design loads, architects and engineers can appropriately design the building to support the expected forces and maintain structural stability.
Diagonal Brace
– A crucial framing component that is positioned at an angle to other framing members, creating a triangular configuration that enhances the structural stability of a construction assembly. These diagonal braces are commonly employed in various designs such as Z, Double Z Two Panel, Double X, and X Two Panel, utilizing diagonal pieces of wood to form an integral part of the overall framework.
Door Height
– The actual height of a barn door.
Door Width
– The actual width of a barn door.
Dual Pitch Roof
– A roof system characterized by two sides that descend at varying angles, with one side having a steeper slope than the other. This configuration results in a gabled roof design where the pitch of one side differs from that of the opposite side.
E
Eave
– The lower edge or overhang of a roof where it extends beyond the external walls of a building. It represents the underside of the roof that provides additional coverage and protection. The eaves can be considered as the edge of the roof that over-sails the walls, creating a prominent feature where the sidewall and roof meet. This projecting portion of the roof, known as the eaves, serves both functional and aesthetic purposes, shielding the walls and providing added shelter from the elements.
of a building.
Eave Height
– The vertical measurement from the ground level to the roof line of a building.
End Bay
– Bay adjacent to the endwalls
Endwall
– A vertical exterior wall constructed at one end of a structure, positioned perpendicular to the ridge of the building. It is oriented in a manner that is parallel to individual primary frames, providing structural support and enclosing the end of the building. The endwall serves as a crucial component in the overall construction, contributing to the stability, functionality, and aesthetics of the structure.
Entry Door
– A hinged door designed for accessing a building, providing a means of entry. Typically pre-hung, it is equipped with a lockset that can be turned to secure or unlock the door. The entry door serves as a primary access point, allowing individuals to enter and exit the building while providing security and convenience.
F
Feed Door
– A door that is hinged or designed to slide, serving the purpose of covering an opening through which animal feed is conveniently delivered into an individual stall or enclosure. This mechanism facilitates the process of providing sustenance to the animals, ensuring efficient feeding practices while maintaining the separation between different stalls or compartments.
Finish
– A type of paint or stain on a barn door.
Flashing
– Thin sheet metal or plastic components installed strategically at critical junctions, openings, and breaks in walls and roofs to ensure a weather-tight seal in a structure. Its primary purpose is to weatherproof and prevent the passage of water, enhancing the structural integrity and longevity of the building. Flashing is utilized to seal edges of the roof system at perimeters, penetrations, walls, expansion joints, valleys, drains, and other areas where the roof covering is interrupted or terminates. Beyond its functional role, flashing also contributes to the overall appearance and aesthetics of the structure.
Footing
– A critical foundation component positioned at the base of a post, pier, or wall to effectively distribute and transfer loads from the main framing members to the soil. Typically made of concrete, a footing serves multiple purposes. Firstly, it provides resistance to vertical downward forces, ensuring the stability and structural integrity of the building. Additionally, when properly attached below grade, a footing aids in the resistance of lateral and vertical uplift forces, further enhancing the overall strength of the structure. In essence, a footing acts as a vital connection between the building and the soil, distributing loads over a larger soil area and contributing to the long-term stability and safety of the construction.
Foundation
– The essential substructure of a building or any other structure that serves the dual purpose of providing support and transferring loads to the earth. It forms the base upon which the entire construction rests, ensuring stability, distributing the weight of the structure, and maintaining structural integrity. The foundation acts as a crucial link between the building and the ground, securely transferring the loads and establishing a solid and reliable support system for the entire structure.
Frame
– The foundational structural framework of a building, composed of primary members such as columns, beams, supports, and rafters. It forms the structural skeleton that provides essential support and stability to the entire construction. The frame serves as the backbone of the building, supporting and integrating the secondary framing components, ensuring the overall strength and integrity of the structure.
Free Stall
– A designated stall within a barn environment that offers cows the opportunity to rest and recline without any form of restraint or confinement between scheduled feedings and milkings. These stalls are designed to provide a comfortable and secure space for the cow to relax, while also promoting a sense of individuality and freedom. Often, separation from neighboring stalls is achieved by employing a singular curved pipe railing, ensuring a clear division while allowing the cows to have visual contact with their surroundings.
G
Gable
– The triangular section at the end of an endwall, typically found in buildings with a ridged roof. It is defined by the space between the edges of the sloping roof and contributes to the overall architectural character of the structure. The gable is functional and it is an important design element, contributing to the overall structure’s design, ventilation, and visual appeal.
Gable Overhang
– The extension or projection of the roof beyond the endwall of a building. This overhang creates an outward extension of the roofline, providing additional coverage and protection to the endwall and enhancing the overall aesthetic appeal of the structure. The gable overhang serves both functional and visual purposes, offering shelter from rain, snow, and sun exposure, while also contributing to the architectural character and design coherence of the building.
Gable Roof
– A distinctive roof design characterized by its ridged shape, terminating at the ends with a gable. It features two slopes, each with an equal pitch, forming a triangular shape. The gable roof includes the exterior endwalls, extending from the eave level to the roof peak, thus conforming to the upper edge of the roof. This roof style is commonly associated with A-Frame roofs, which share the triangular shape and equal pitch characteristics. The gable roof not only adds architectural interest but also provides functional benefits such as efficient water drainage and increased interior ceiling height.
Gambrel Roof
– A distinct style of roof commonly seen in traditional barns, characterized by having two roof slopes on each half side of the building. The lower slopes are steeper in pitch compared to the upper slopes, creating a distinctive profile. This roof design is reminiscent of a gable roof but with a pitch change that occurs approximately midway between the eave and the ridge. The gambrel roof, often associated with barn-style structures, adds visual interest and provides additional space in the upper portions of the building.
Girder
– A substantial and predominantly horizontal beam employed in post-frame. Girders play a crucial role in supporting trusses that have bearing points which do not align with a post. Additionally, they are often utilized as headers over expansive door and window openings. Girders serve as key structural elements, providing the necessary strength and stability to the building while accommodating the unique load distribution requirements of the trusses and ensuring proper support for the overall construction.
Girt
– A horizontal framing member that plays a critical role in various construction methods. In timber framing, it connects posts and provides support for floor joists and summers. In framed wall construction, girts serve as horizontal structural members that resist lateral loads from wind and support wall cladding They are typically supported by columns and extend between adjacent wall posts, connecting the bottom sill and the top plate. Girts are vital for transferring loads between attached wall sheathing and the posts, ensuring stability and structural integrity. They are commonly rough-cut, full dimension 2″x6″ timbers, attached horizontally from post to post. Girts also serve as secondary framing members, attached to endwall or sidewall columns to provide support for wall coverings. Overall, girts play a crucial role in the overall strength, stability, and aesthetics of the building.
Glued-Laminated Post (also known as a Glu-Lam Post)
– A robust and durable structural timber product created by bonding multiple layers of dimensioned lumber together using a high-strength structural adhesive. The individual lumber laminations are carefully selected for their quality and strength, and then joined using the adhesive to form a single, solid post. Glu-lam posts offer exceptional strength, stability, and resistance to various loads, making them an ideal choice for supporting structures and architectural applications.
Grade Beam
– A critical load-bearing component that provides structural support to a building, positioned either at the soil surface or forming a long, thickened section within a slab-on-grade foundation. It can be constructed using corrosion and decay-resistant materials such as concrete or wood, depending on the specific application. The grade beam serves as a perimeter support system, effectively distributing and transferring loads from the structure to the underlying soil. It plays a vital role in ensuring the stability and integrity of the building, contributing to its overall strength and durability.
H
Handle
– Hardware used to open and close a barn door.
Hay Bay (also known as Hayloft, Haymow or Mow)
– A designated area within a barn specifically allocated for the storage of hay and straw. The hay bay serves as a spacious compartment where these agricultural materials are stored in an organized and accessible manner.
Hay Door (also known as a hay-loading door)
– An opening strategically positioned near the top section of a barn. Its primary function is to facilitate the loading of hay into the barn’s hayloft or storage area. By providing a large access point, the hay door allows for efficient and convenient transportation of hay from ground level to the elevated storage space.
Hay Drop
– An opening or chute designed to facilitate the controlled release or dropping of hay from an upper level, such as a hayloft or storage area, to a lower level within the barn. The hay drop is typically positioned above the desired location, allowing for easy distribution and access to the hay for feeding or other purposes.
Hay Hood
– An extension of the ridge of a barn roof that serves a dual purpose. Firstly, it provides additional protection against the elements, safeguarding the hay storage area from rain, snow, or direct sunlight. Secondly, the hay hood also serves as a support structure for pulley attachments, which are commonly used to lift and transport hay bales or loads into a barn’s loft or storage space.
Header
– A versatile framing component that serves multiple functions in construction. It can refer to a structural member that crosses and supports the ends of joists, studs, or rafters, providing stability and load-bearing capacity. Additionally, a header can be a horizontal beam used as a finishing piece above a door or window, adding aesthetic appeal. Moreover, headers are commonly found at the top of windows, doors, and other framed openings, providing structural support and tying together adjacent framing members. They can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing, depending on the specific application. Ultimately, headers play a crucial role in supporting framework and openings within floors, walls, ceilings, or roofs, ensuring structural integrity and facilitating architectural design.
Hip Roof
– A distinct roof design characterized by its four pitched roof surfaces, sloping downward from a central ridge, with no gables The hip roof features roof planes on all four sides, resulting in a symmetrical and visually appealing structure. This style of roof provides excellent stability and resistance to wind, as the slopes and overhangs contribute to its overall strength. The absence of gables gives the hip roof a unique and sleek appearance, making it a popular choice in architectural designs.
Header Board
– A wooden component that is installed to provide enhanced structural support for a barn door. Positioned above the doorway opening, the header board reinforces the doorframe and helps distribute the weight and forces exerted on the door. This additional support ensures the stability and longevity of the barn door, especially when dealing with heavier or larger door configurations.
I
Inspection
– The systematic review and assessment of the work carried out by a building official to ensure compliance with relevant codes, regulations, and safety standards. An inspection plays a vital role in verifying the quality and integrity of the construction process. In barn construction projects that require permits, inspections typically encompass critical stages such as foundation inspection, conducted prior to pouring concrete, framing inspection to assess the structural framework, and a final inspection to evaluate the overall completion and compliance of the barn structure. Inspections serve as a means to ensure the safety, durability, and adherence to established guidelines throughout the construction process.
Insulation
– A crucial component utilized in building construction to minimize heat transfer and restrict air movement. It consists of various materials specifically chosen for their thermal resistance properties. Insulation is assessed and classified by its R-Value, which measures its effectiveness in reducing heat transmission. A higher R-Value signifies superior insulation capabilities. By implementing insulation in walls, roofs, and other areas, buildings can improve energy efficiency, maintain consistent internal temperatures, and reduce the reliance on heating and cooling systems. Ultimately, insulation plays a vital role in creating comfortable indoor environments, reducing energy consumption, and enhancing overall building performance.
International Building Code (IBC)
– See Building Code.
J
Jamb
– The vertical framing members positioned at the sides of an opening, such as a window or door. These main vertical members form an essential part of the window or door frame, providing structural support and stability. In the case of a door jamb, it specifically refers to the vertical portion of the frame where the door is secured. The jamb plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity and functionality of the opening, ensuring proper alignment and facilitating the smooth operation of doors and windows.
Joinery
– The skilled practice of creating strong and precise connections between timber-frame members through the formation of joints. It involves the meticulous craftsmanship of fitting and joining different components, often employing techniques such as mortises and tenons. Joinery in timber framing is essential for establishing secure and durable connections, ensuring the structural integrity and longevity of the construction. Through careful planning and precise execution, joinery plays a crucial role in creating robust and visually appealing timber-frame structures
Joist
– A horizontal structural member that plays a crucial role in supporting a floor, ceiling, or roof in a building. They are typically made of lumber and arranged in parallel, extending from wall to wall or other supporting elements. In barn construction, joists may run from wall to wall, wall to beam, or beam to beam, providing essential support for ceilings, roofs, or floors. These parallel timbers form a sturdy framework that holds up the planks of a floor or the laths of a ceiling, ensuring structural integrity and stability. Joists are a fundamental component in building construction, providing the necessary support and load-bearing capacity for various architectural elements.
K
King Post
– A vertical supporting post positioned between the apex of a triangular truss and the base or tie beam, commonly found at the ridge of a roof. It plays a critical role in providing structural stability and support to the roof system. The king post acts as a central vertical member, effectively transferring loads from the truss apex to the base or tie beam, enhancing the overall strength and integrity of the roof. This important component helps distribute the weight and forces evenly, ensuring the structural soundness and longevity of the roof structure.
Knee Brace
– A diagonal member strategically placed to enhance the connection and reinforce the strength between a post and an attached roof truss, rafter, or girder. This angled component serves as a critical element in providing stiffness and stability to the structure. Knee braces are typically constructed from rough-cut, full dimension 4″x4″ or 6″x6″ timbers with pre-cut angles, ensuring a precise fit. By effectively distributing and redirecting forces, knee braces help mitigate potential movement and increase the overall structural integrity of the building. These braces play a vital role in supporting posts and tie beams, contributing to the overall stability and resilience of the construction.
L
Lean-To
– A building or structure characterized by its single sloped roof, which is attached to the side of another structure to create an extension. This architectural feature relies on the existing structure for partial support, providing an additional space or sheltered area. Lean-tos can come in different forms, including small additions with single-pitched roofs, and can be either open-type, where the roof is supported by posts, or enclosed-type, where the structure is fully enclosed with siding. Whether utilized for storage, outdoor living spaces, or other purposes, lean-tos offer functional and versatile extensions to existing buildings while complementing their overall design.
Lintel
– A structural beam positioned horizontally with its ends supported by two posts, commonly found above a wall opening such as a window or door. This essential component plays a critical role in distributing the weight and loads from above, providing support and stability to the surrounding structure. Lintels are carefully designed and positioned to effectively bear the vertical loads imposed by the structure, ensuring the integrity and safety of the wall opening. By transferring the weight to the posts, lintels facilitate the proper distribution of forces, preventing sagging or structural failure. Their presence is crucial for maintaining the overall strength and functionality of the building while allowing for the inclusion of windows, doors, and other openings.
Loft
– A designated area within a barn or building that serves as an upper-level storage space or hay and straw storage area above a stable. It typically consists of a second-story wood floor that is supported by beams and joists, providing structural integrity and load-bearing capacity. In barn construction, various types of lofts may be utilized, including full lofts, partial lofts, center lofts, and more, depending on the specific needs and design of the structure. The loft area offers valuable additional storage space and is accessed through stairways, ladders, or other means. It serves as a functional and efficient storage solution, optimizing the use of available vertical space within the barn while providing convenient access to stored items or materials.
M
Main Frame
– The primary structural framework positioned between the endwalls of a building, responsible for bearing the loads exerted by a section of each adjacent bay. The main frame serves as a crucial support system that ensures the structural integrity and stability of the building.
Milking Parlor
– An enclosed area within modern barn facilities specifically designed for the mechanical milking of cows. This dedicated space provides a controlled environment where cows are brought to undergo the milking process using automated milking machines. The milking parlor is equipped with specialized equipment and systems to facilitate efficient and hygienic milking operations.
Milking Station
– A designated stall within a barn where individual cows are brought to be milked. The milking station is equipped with appropriate milking equipment and facilities to enable the manual or automated milking process. This area is designed to ensure the comfort and well-being of the cow during the milking procedure, while also providing convenience and efficiency for the milking personnel.
Mortise
– A precisely cut slot or hole in a piece of wood, specifically designed to receive and accommodate a corresponding projecting part of another piece of wood. In the construction of a mortise-and-tenon joint, the mortise serves as the receptacle for the tenon, creating a strong and secure connection between the two members. This precise cut allows for a snug and interlocking fit, enhancing the structural integrity and stability of the joint. Mortises are carefully crafted to ensure proper alignment and to maximize the surface area of contact between the connected pieces, promoting strength and longevity. This woodworking technique is widely utilized in various applications, providing a reliable and durable means of joining wood components together.
Mow
– See Hay Bay
N
National Barn Day
– Although the origins of this day are unknown, the second Sunday of July every year is dedicated to celebrating the rich history of this iconic symbol of the American farm community. For ideas on how to celebrate, visit Barn Life.
P
Panel
– A flat and rectangular piece of wood, typically used in the construction of doors, that is cut and shaped to accommodate the installation of a door. Panels are an integral part of the door assembly, providing structural support and aesthetic appeal.
Paneled Door
– A type of door characterized by the presence of multiple panels. Paneled doors feature rectangular sections, known as panels, that are arranged in a symmetrical or decorative pattern. These panels add visual interest and structural stability to the door.
Parapet
– The vertical section of a building’s wall that extends above the roofline, forming a protective barrier at the junction of the wall and roof. The parapet serves as a boundary and provides additional support and stability to the roof structure. It may also serve architectural purposes, enhancing the visual appeal of the building.
Pitch
– See Roof Pitch.
Plate
– A longitudinal timber that runs horizontally and spans across the tops of exterior posts or studs, providing support and stability to the rafters or other framing units. The plate serves as a crucial structural element by tying together the tops of multiple bents or framing units, ensuring their alignment and overall integrity. In some cases, the plate may also function as a purlin or a wall plate, further enhancing the structural strength and providing a secure connection between the different components of the building. Its placement at the top of the posts or studs offers stability and acts as a beam to distribute the weight and loads effectively, contributing to the overall stability and strength of the construction.
Pole
– A naturally tapered, round wood post that is unsawn and commonly used in construction. Poles exhibit a natural taper, gradually reducing in diameter from the base to the top. They are typically employed as vertical supports in various structures. In some cases, poles may be slabbed, which involves removing a flat section from one or more sides to facilitate the fastening of framing members. This process allows for secure attachment and alignment of the structural components. Poles provide stability, strength, and durability, making them a versatile choice for applications such as fencing, barn construction, and other architectural projects.
Pole Barn (also known as a Post-Frame Building)
– A construction system characterized by a combination of wood roof trusses or rafters connected to vertical timber columns or sidewall posts. This building method utilizes round poles as the primary vertical support, giving rise to its alternative name, pole-frame building system. In addition to the main framework, pole barns feature secondary structural elements such as wall headers, roof purlins, and wall girts. These components provide support for the exterior cladding and enable the transfer of vertical and horizontal forces throughout the structure. Pole barns offer a versatile and efficient solution for a wide range of applications, characterized by their durability, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to various building designs and sizes.
Post-Frame Building System
– A construction method characterized by a structural framework consisting of wood posts serving as vertical columns, and trusses or rafters forming the roof framing. The primary framing members, including the posts and roof framing, are interconnected to create a stable structure. The posts are securely embedded in the ground or supported by footings, piers, walls, or slabs, providing a solid foundation. Secondary framing members, such as purlins in the roof and girts in the walls, are attached to the primary framing to provide additional support and transfer loads. This system allows for efficient construction and versatile design options, making it popular for a variety of building applications.
Post
– A vertical standing timber that serves as a key structural component in construction. Posts are utilized in various contexts, including supporting other timbers or beams within a building. In the construction of post-frame buildings, posts play a critical role in forming the side walls and endwalls. They serve as rectangular vertical structural supporting members, responsible for transferring loads from the main roof beams, rafters, and trusses down to the foundation. Posts can take different forms and materials, such as solid-sawn posts, structural composite lumber posts, glu-lam posts, mechanically-laminated lumber posts, or poles. These upright support timbers, typically rough-cut and measuring 6″x6″ in full dimension, run from the foundation to the tie beams and rafter beams, providing crucial stability and strength to the overall structure.
Post Height
– The measurement of the visible portion of a post that extends above the surface or structure it is embedded in. The post height refers to the length of the post that is exposed and not buried within the ground or other supporting materials. It is an important parameter in determining the overall dimensions and vertical reach of the post in a construction or structural system.
Purlin
– A horizontal structural member used in roofing systems to provide support for roof rafters, trusses, or beams. Purlins play a vital role in distributing the load of the roof and providing stability to the overall structure. They are typically attached to roof rafters or trusses at a right angle and run horizontally between these framing elements. Purlins can be made of various materials, such as timber or steel, depending on the construction requirements. In the post-frame construction industry, rough-cut full dimension 3″x6″ timber purlins are commonly used, spaced typically 24″ on center, to support metal roofing materials. By spanning between the rafter beams or trusses, purlins offer lateral support, transfer loads between the roof sheathing and the framing, and provide a stable base for attaching the roofing material, whether it’s corrugated roofing, plywood, shingles, or other types of roofing systems.
Q
Queen Post
– A structural member in a roof framework that provides support for the purlin and is positioned vertically or canted. Queen posts are typically found between the rafters and the base, or tie beam, of a truss at equal distances from the apex. In the context of English barns or bents, queen posts commonly emanate from a tie beam or a tie that supports a purlin plate. For example, in a three-bay barn, there would typically be a total of eight queen posts, with four posts per side of the barn. These vertical posts play a crucial role in providing stability and strength to the roof structure, ensuring the proper distribution of loads and supporting the purlin system.
R
Rafter
– A fundamental component of a roof structure, consisting of sloping boards or beams that extend from the ridge of the roof down to the eaves. Rafters play a critical role in supporting the roof and distributing its weight to the walls. These inclined roof timbers typically appear as single-length members that run from the roof peak to the wall plate. Rafters provide the framework upon which the roof sheathing is installed, forming the structural backbone of the roof system. In a series of sloped, structural beams, rafters span from an exterior wall to a center ridge beam or ridge board, ensuring the overall stability and integrity of the roof.
Rail
– A horizontal component that provides a guided path for the door’s movement during opening and closing. It serves as a support and attachment point for the door’s rollers or other sliding mechanisms. The rail enables smooth and controlled motion, allowing the door to traverse along its length and fulfill its intended function.
Ridge Beam (also known as a Ridge Board)
– A horizontal structural member positioned at the highest point of a roof structure, typically sandwiched between rafters. It serves as a critical support and connection point for the ends of the rafters, especially in a gable roof. The ridge beam runs along the ridge of the roof, providing stability and strength to the overall roof framework. It plays a crucial role in distributing the weight and forces of the roof down to the supporting walls, ensuring the integrity and proper alignment of the roof structure.
Ridge Cap
– A protective covering that runs along the ridge of a roof, serving as a transition and providing a finished appearance. It is a continuous material specifically designed to cover and seal the ridge, offering added protection against weather elements and potential water infiltration. The ridge cap helps to create a uniform and aesthetically pleasing finish to the roof while ensuring the durability and integrity of the ridge area.
Ridge Height
– Distance from the ground to the top of the roof ridge. It can vary depending on the specific requirements of the project, local building codes, and the intended use of the structure.
Roof Pitch
– The measurement that defines the slope or angle of a roof, expressed as the number of inches of vertical rise per twelve inches of horizontal run. It determines the steepness or gentle incline of the roof surface. Roof pitch is a crucial factor in roof design, influencing drainage, structural considerations, and overall aesthetics. By specifying the pitch, builders and designers determine how quickly rainwater or snow will run off the roof and how the roof visually appears. Roof pitch plays a vital role in ensuring proper water shedding, maximizing structural integrity, and contributing to the overall architectural design of the building.
Roof Snow Load
– The roof snow load is the vertical force exerted on a structure due to the weight of accumulated snow on its roof. It encompasses the gravity-induced pressure resulting from the snow’s mass and may also account for factors like drifting or sliding of snow. Determining the appropriate roof snow load is crucial for designing and constructing roofs that can safely withstand the added weight and potential stress caused by snow accumulation. Engineers and building codes consider various factors, including regional climate data, to determine the required design parameters for roof snow load
Roof Truss
– An engineered and prefabricated structural component specifically designed to provide support to a roof. It consists of three or more interconnected members, each designed to carry either tension or compression forces. Roof trusses are commonly constructed using a combination of timber and metal plates, and they offer the advantage of clear spans between the external supporting walls. In barn construction, trusses are typically spaced at regular intervals, such as 24″ on center when using shingles as the roofing material or 48″ on center when using metal. They form the essential framework of the roof, ensuring its stability and strength. Roof trusses can take various forms, including attic trusses, common trusses, gambrel trusses, and scissor trusses, each serving specific architectural and functional purposes.
S
Shearwall
– A vertical diaphragm within a structural framing system that is capable of transferring in-plane shear forces. It can be an endwall, sidewall, intermediate wall, or any portion thereof. The primary function of a shearwall is to provide structural stability by transferring shear forces from the roof or ceiling diaphragm to the groundline. It serves as a vertical load-bearing element that helps resist lateral forces, such as wind or seismic loads, by distributing them across the structure. Whether it is an endwall, sidewall, or intermediate wall, the shearwall plays a critical role in maintaining the overall integrity and stability of the building system.
Sheathing
– The exterior covering of a building’s walls or roof, typically made of materials such as OSB, plywood, or steel. It serves as a protective layer that helps to reinforce the structural integrity of the building and provides a surface for attaching cladding materials. In the case of a roof, the sheathing transfers the roof load to the underlying purlins, rafters, or trusses, distributing the weight evenly across the structural members.
Sill
– A horizontal timber that rests on the foundation and provides support for the posts and braces of the outer wall frame. The sill can be either transversely set or longitudinally set, serving as a crucial connection point between the foundation and the frame structure of the building.
Sliding Door
– A type of door that operates by smoothly gliding along a horizontally mounted steel track. The door is equipped with trolleys and rollers that facilitate its smooth movement along the track. This design allows the door to slide open and closed with ease, offering a convenient and space-saving solution for entryways or partitions. Sliding doors are commonly used in various architectural applications, providing efficient access while maintaining a sleek and modern aesthetic.
Soffit
– The underside covering of a roof overhang or mansard. It refers to the exposed surface that is visible when looking up at the underside of an architectural element or piece of wood. This can include the underside of a cornice or an overhang.
Splash Board (also known as a Skirt Board)
– A pressure-treated lumber board installed at the grade line to provide a secure attachment point for the bottom of the building siding. Splash boards are typically used in pole barn construction and serve as a durable foundation for attaching the siding materials.
Stall
– A designated space or compartment within a stable or barn where animals reside or are kept. It provides a secure and individual area for each animal.
Stanchion
– A component consisting of a pair of interconnected vertical bars designed to secure a cow within a stall by positioning them behind the cow’s head. The stanchion provides a means of confinement, allowing the cow to be safely contained and restricting its movement within the designated area. This design ensures the cow’s stability and prevents it from straying or causing disruptions in the stall. Stanchions are commonly used in livestock management systems, facilitating efficient handling and providing a secure environment for the animals.
Stick-built Construction
– A method of barn construction where the building is assembled on-site using individual pieces of lumber, known as “sticks,” which are cut and assembled to form the structural framework. In stick-built construction, the walls, roof, and other components of the barn are built piece by piece, allowing for flexibility and customization. This method typically involves the use of standard dimensional lumber, such as 2×4 or 2×6 boards, which are cut, framed, and interconnected to create the barn’s walls, roof, and other structural elements. Stick-built construction offers versatility in design and allows for easy modification or expansion of the barn in the future.
Stud
– A vertical wall member, typically made of 2×4 or 2×6 lumber, used to provide structural support and to which exterior or interior covering materials can be attached. Studs form the framework of the walls and serve as a base for attaching panels, siding, laths, and other materials. They can be either load-bearing or non-load bearing, depending on their intended purpose in the building construction.
Summer Beam
– A large, main horizontal beam that is anchored in the gable foundation walls of a building. It provides support for the barn frame above or the forebay beams. In timber-framed structures, the summer beam is typically a substantial, full-length timber that carries the load of the ceiling joists and, in turn, supports the floor above it.
T
Tack Room
– An enclosed space located in close proximity to a stable, specifically designated for the storage and organization of horse equipment. The tack room serves as a dedicated area for housing essential items related to horse care and riding, including saddles, bridles, reins, and other gear. It provides a secure and organized environment to store and maintain these equipment pieces, ensuring they are readily accessible when needed. The tack room plays a vital role in supporting proper horse management and facilitating the preparation and maintenance of equipment for equestrian activities.
Tenon
– A protruding tongue or male component of a joint that is inserted into a hollowed-out area or mortise, which acts as the female part of the timber union. In mortise and tenon joints, the tenon is the short shaft projecting from one member that is precisely fitted into the mortise of the other joint member, creating a secure and durable connection.
Threshing Floor
– A designated floor or ground space within a barn, typically located between mows or storage areas, where grains were manually threshed by flailing or treading. It serves as the central area for separating the grain from the stalks and husks.
Threshing Wall (also known as a Waste Wall)
– A low wall, typically around three feet in height, that separates the threshing floor from an adjacent bay in a barn. It acts as a barrier to contain the threshed grain and prevent it from spilling over into the neighboring area.
Tie Beam
– The uppermost horizontal beam that connects the end posts of a bent or framing unit. It serves as a transverse timber located at the top of the bent or a few feet below it, providing crucial support to the roof, walls, and loft of a barn. Tie beams are typically full dimension timbers measuring 6″x8″ or 6″x10″.
Trolley
– A wheeled apparatus designed to roll on an overhead rail or track. It is equipped with a suspended grappling fork, allowing it to efficiently unload loose hay from a wagon. The fork, filled with hay, can be raised by a rope and moved along the track to the desired location in the hay bay. A trip rope is used to release the hay from the fork.
Truss
– A rigid framework consisting of beams, girders, struts, bars, or other interconnected members. It is designed to provide support and stability to structures such as roofs, bridges, and other architectural elements. Trusses are typically assembled in a series of interconnected triangles, with perimeter members called truss chords and interior members called truss webs. They form a triangular arrangement of beams, braces, and ties that create a strong and rigid framework.
U
Uniform Building Code (UBC)
– A comprehensive set of building regulations initially developed by the International Council of Building Officials with the primary objective of ensuring public safety and establishing consistent standards for construction practices. The UBC provided guidelines and requirements for various aspects of building design, construction materials, structural integrity, fire safety, and other essential considerations. In the year 2000, the UBC was superseded by the International Building Code (IBC), a new set of codes and standards published by the International Code Council (ICC), which continues to govern contemporary building practices and ensure the safety and well-being of occupants in constructed environments.
V
Ventilation
– The process of supplying or removing conditioned or unconditioned air from a space, either through natural means or mechanical systems. It involves the exchange of air to maintain air quality, temperature, and humidity levels within a desired range.
W
Wainscot (also known as Wainscoting)
– The material, typically wood paneling, installed on the lower portion of a wall, usually extending to a certain height and separated from the upper portion of the wall. Wainscot serves both aesthetic and practical purposes, providing visual appeal and offering protection to the lower section of the wall. It can also be made from other materials such as steel panels, allowing for easy replacement in case of damage.
X
X-Brace
– A structural element consisting of a pair of diagonal braces that intersect and form an “X” shape. These braces are designed to enhance the stability and wind resistance of the building structure. In steel buildings, X-Braces made of cable are commonly used on walls and roofs, while in pole barns, X-Braces constructed from 2×4 lumber are often attached to the inside of roof trusses to provide additional stability. One of the braces typically carries axial tension, while the other experiences axial compression, working together to reinforce the structure.
